Институт за политичке студије

Добрињска 11
(IV спрат)
11000 Београд

Контакт подаци
EN
EN
Српска политичка мисао 6/2025

AI VS. DEMOCRACY: PRESENT AND POSSIBLE FUTURES

Аутори
УДКUDC 321.7:004.8(4-672EU) Стране1-23 Година2025
Преузми PDF 10.5937/spm94-61498
Преглед истраживања

Сажетак

The aim of this paper is to explore and systematize current research on the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and democracy, primarily focusing on existing AI applications, in order to understand the general avenues of exploration conceived within the field of political science on this topic, and to evaluate their results so far. However, some thought will also be given to the more far-fetched possibilities of AI development and their implications for democracy. Using Robert Dahl’s theory of democracy, the paper outlines why the AI is perceived as a threat to liberal democracy, especially in regard to principles of equality, personal autonomy, and autonomous choice, and the functioning of the public sphere. Finally, the paper considers some possible, if not very probable, future developments in AI, namely the inception of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and artificial superintelligence (ASI), and their implications for democracy. While existing AI applications do seem to erode certain preconditions for functioning democracy, it is nevertheless possible to overturn this trend by restructuring AI development based on the democratic debate and participatory design.

Извори и литература

Референце

  1. Armstrong, Stuart, and Kaj Sotala. 2015. “How We’re Predicting AI–or Failing To.” In Beyond Artificial Intelligence, edited by Jan Romportl, Eva Zackova, and Jozef Kelemen, 11–29. Cham: Springer.
  2. Bartoletti, Ivana. 2020. An Artificial Revolution: On Power, Politics and AI. London: Indigo Press.
  3. Bentham, Jeremy. 2020. The Panopticon Writings. London: Verso Books.
  4. Berker, Thomas, Maren Hartmann, and Yves Punie [Berker et al.]. 2005. Domestication of Media and Technology. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
  5. Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27 (1): 5–19. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2016.0012
  6. Birch, Kean, and Kelly Bronson. 2022. “Big Tech.” Science as Culture 31 (1): 1–14. DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2022.2036118
  7. Bostrom, Nick. 2014. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  8. Butler, Samuel. [1872] 1901. Erewhon: Or, Over the Range. Project Gutenberg. https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1906/pg1906-images.html
  9. Coeckelbergh, Mark. 2022. The Political Philosophy of AI: An Introduction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. Coeckelbergh, Mark. 2024. Why AI Undermines Democracy and What To Do About It. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  11. Cunningham, Frank. 2002. Theories of Democracy: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.
  12. Dahl, Robert A. 1953. “Atomic Energy and the Democratic Process.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 290 (1): 1–6. DOI: 10.1177/000271625329000101
  13. Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  14. Damnjanović, Ivana. 2015. “Polity Without Politics? Artificial Intelligence Versus Democracy: Lessons From Neal Asher’s Polity Universe.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 35 (3–4): 76–83. DOI: 10.1177/0270467615623877
  15. Di Gregorio, Luigi. 2021. Demopathy and the Democratic Malaise: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Therapy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  16. Ellul, Jacques. 1964. The Technological Society. New York: Vintage Books.
  17. European Commission’s High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. 2018. “A Definition of AI: Main Capabilities and Scientific Disciplines.” European Commission. December 18, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_definition_of_ai_18_december_1.pdf
  18. European Commission. 2025. “High-level expert group on artificial intelligence”. Digital-strategy. May 6, 2025. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/expert-group-ai
    Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Penguin Books.
  19. Gallie, Walter Bryce. 1955. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56: 167–198.
  20. Giblin, Rebecca, and Cory Doctorow. 2022. Chokepoint Capitalism: How Big Tech and Big Content Captured Creative Labor Markets and How We’ll Win Them Back. Boston: Beacon Press.
  21. Habermas, Jürgen. 1985a. The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and System: A Crituque of Functionalist Reason. Vol. 2. Boston: Beacon Press.
  22. Habermas, Jürgen. 1985b. The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Vol. 1. Boston: Beacon Press.
  23. Habermas, Jurgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  24. Haenschen, Katherine. 2016. “Social Pressure on Social Media: Using Facebook Status Updates to Increase Voter Turnout.” Journal of Communication 66 (4): 542–563. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12236
  25. Haenschen, Katherine. 2023. “The Conditional Effects of Microtargeted Facebook Advertisements on Voter Turnout.” Political Behavior 45 (4): 1661–1681. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-022-09781-7
  26. Halpern, Mark. 1987. “Turing’s Test and the Ideology of Artificial Intelligence.” Artificial Intelligence Review 1 (2): 79–93. DOI: 10.1007/BF00130010
  27. Hand, Martin, and Barry Sandywell. 2002. “E-Topia as Cosmopolis or Citadel: On the Democratizing and De-Democratizing Logics of the Internet, or, Toward a Critique of the New Technological Fetishism.” Theory, Culture & Society 19 (1–2): 197–225. DOI: 10.1177/026327640201900110
  28. Huntington, Samuel P. 2012. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  29. Jaynes, Tyler L. 2020. “Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligence: Citizenship as the Exception to the Rule.” AI & SOCIETY 35 (2): 343–354. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-019-00897-9
  30. Katz, Yarden. 2020. Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence. New York: Columbia University Press.
  31. Kranzberg, Melvin. 1986. “Technology and History:"Kranzberg’s Laws".” Technology and Culture 27 (3): 544–560.
  32. Kupchan, Charles A. 2012. “The Democratic Malaise: Globalization and the Threat to the West.” Foreign Affairs 91 (1): 62–67.
  33. Kurzweil, Ray. 1992. The Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Viking.
  34. Kurzweil, Ray. 2001. The Age of Spiritual Machines: How We Will Live, Work and Think in the New Age of Intelligent Machines. New York: Texere.
  35. Kurzweil, Ray. 2005. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Penguin Publishing Group.
  36. Legg, Shane, and Marcus Hutter. 2007. “Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence.” Minds and Machines 17 (4): 391–444. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-007-9079-x
  37. Mair, Peter. 2023. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso books.
  38. McGinniss, Joe. 1988. The Selling of the President: The Classic Account of the Packaging of a Candidate. New York: Penguin Publishing Group.
  39. Morozov, Evgeny. 2013. To Save Everything, Click Here: Technology, Solutionism, and the Urge to Fix Problems That Don’t Exist. London: Penguin Books.
  40. Muehlhauser, Luke. 2013. Facing the Intelligence Explosion. Berkley, CA: Machine Intelligence Research Institute.
  41. Muehlhauser, Luke, and Anna Salamon. 2012. “Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import.” In Singularity Hypotheses. edited by Amnon H. Eden, James H. Moor, Johnny H. Søraker, and Eric Steinhart, 15–42. Berlin: Springer.
  42. Mueller, Milton. 2024. “The Myth of AGI.” Internet Governance Project. Last accessed January 17, 2025. https://www.internetgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/MythofAGI.pdf
  43. Narayanan, Arvind, and Sayash Kapoor. 2024. AI Snake Oil: What Artificial Intelligence Can Do, What It Can’t, and How to Tell the Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  44. Narayanan, Arvind, and Sayash Kapoor. 2025. “AI as Normal Technology.” The Knight First Amendment Institute. April 15, 2025. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/ai-as-normal-technology
  45. Negrotti, Massimo. 1983. How AI People Think. Report III/2203/En 83. Chair of Sociology of Knowledge, University of Genoa.
  46. Negrotti, Massimo. 1987. “The AI Peoples Way of Looking at Man and Machine.” Applied Artificial Intelligence: An International Journal 1 (1): 109–116. DOI: 10.1080/08839518708927963
  47. Newton, Kenneth. 2012. “Curing the Democratic Malaise with Democratic Innovations.” In Evaluating Democratic Innovations, eds. Kenneth Newton and Brigitte Geissel, 3–20. London: Routledge.
  48. O’Neil, Cathy. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.
  49. Preethi, S. 2020. “A Survey on Artificial Intelligence.” International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Technology (IJICT) 3 (2): 39–42.
  50. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  51. Reynolds, Emily. 2018. The Agony of Sophia, the World’s First Robot Citizen Condemned to a Lifeless Career in Marketing. Wired. June 1, 2018. https://www.wired.com/story/sophia-robot-citizen-womens-rights-detriot-become-human-hanson-robotics/
  52. Sandberg, Anders. 2013. “An Overview of Models of Technological Singularity.” In The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, eds. Max More and Natasha Vita-More, 376–395. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  53. Sartori, Giovanni. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatam, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
  54. Schmidt, Andreas T. 2017. “The Power to Nudge.” American Political Science Review 111 (2): 404–417. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055417000028
  55. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 2018. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Floyd, VA: Wilder Publications.
  56. Sheikh, Haroon, Corien Prins, and Erik Schrijvers [Sheikh et al.]. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence: Definition and Background.” In Mission AI: The New System Technology, eds. Haroon Sheikh, Corien Prins, and Erik Schrijvers, 3–28. Cham: Springer.
  57. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2021. Nudge: The Final Edition. New York: Penguin.
  58. Theocharis, Yannis, and Will Lowe. 2016. “Does Facebook Increase Political Participation? Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Information, Communication & Society 19 (10): 1465–1486. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119871
  59. Tirosh‐Samuelson, Hava. 2012. “Transhumanism as a Secularist Faith.” Zygon® 47 (4): 710–734. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01288.x
  60. Trappl, Robert. 1992. “AI: Introduction, Paradigms, Applications (Including CBR), Impacts, Visions.” In Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence, eds. Vladimir Marik, Olga Štepankova, and Robert Trappl, 1–24. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  61. Turing, Alan M. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59 (236): 433–460.
  62. Varoufakis, Yanis. 2023. Technofeudalism: What Killed Capitalism. London: Bodley Head.
  63. Vimeo. 2015. “Does Democracy Work With AI?” August 5, 2015. https://vimeo.com/135493343
  64. Warwick, Kevin. 2013. Artificial Intelligence: The Basics. London: Routledge.
  65. Weizenbaum, Joseph. 1966. “ELIZA—a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine.” Communications of the ACM 9 (1): 36–45.
  66. Whitby, Blay. 1996. “The Turing Test: AI’s Biggest Blind Alley?’.” In Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing, vol. 1, eds. Peter Millican and Andy Clark, 53–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  67. Winner, Langdon. 1980. “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 109 (1): 121–136.
  68. Winner, Langdon. 2010. The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  69. Wolkenstein, Fabio. 2022. “What Is Democratic Backsliding.” Constellations 30 (3): 261–275. DOI: 10.1111/1467-8675.12627
  70. Yudkowsky, Eliezer. 2008. “Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk.” In Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Ćirković, 308–345. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  71. Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.
Из истог броја

Повезане публикације